IT Managing Business Knowledge and Decision Making Coursework

IT Managing Business Knowledge and Decision Making - Coursework ExampleThis blend assists the communication, operations and advancements in an organization and links its business activities. This is done through an extensive usage of the computer software, data constructs, computer hardware, programming languages, databases and other related components. These components enable a widespread distribution of the messages on a mass level across all the communication channels. Many modern organizations rely on a broad utilization of the information technology in order to render it business operations and services. One of such big organizations is Tesco Plc which forms and leads a great network of the retail stores operating in various parts of the world. This in organization has been operating in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world since 1919 and has been ranked as the worlds third largest retailer. Other retailers such as Wal Mart follow Tesco in their rankings and services and operations. This Britain-based come with having more than 500,000 employees and over 4,000 stores manage its massive base of employees and operation in effectives and decentralized structure (Clemens, 2001). The usage of IT plays an important role in the extensive operations, management and governance of Tesco Plc. Many advanced systems and scientific equipments have been installed at the company for the purpose of the management of its functions. Some of the examples of such systems include the usage of sophisticated software such as Finance and HR software supply chain management systems, order processing and scheduling systems and types of communication technology. Besides this, the company utilizes the advanced loyalty cards and car indemnification policy quoting systems. The Tescos own Tesco Personal Finance system (TPF) allows it to schedule its workforce, and perform food labeling and loan application handling systems. Every checkout in the Tescos store manages its E lectronic Point of Sale (EPOS) systems and uses computer system in the operation and handling of Tescos services (Verner, 2000). This usage of IT has a huge impact on the profitability, operations and revenue generation of the company. One of the major ways in which the IT implementation impacts Tesco Plc is increase in the productivity gains and reduction in its costs of production. The customers shopping from Tesco retail stores do not have to go out and but the products. Instead they can sit at home and procure online through web. Since, the market has become easily accessible to the customers, the productivity gains have increased in the form of customer retention, sales, revenues and other related factors. Besides this, a wide range of purchases are made without any hassle. Moreover, the company can cut their costs of advertisement, EPOS has reduced the employment of the members of staff, and only a hardly a(prenominal) people need to be trained for few short computer and sof tware trainings in the organization. Moreover, the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization is enhanced due to the little wastage and least duplication of the material and human resources of the organization (Clemens, 2001). Besides all the beneficial factors, the features and components of the information technology, such as computer, internet and other databases assist the company to manage its operations and functions. There is a better and

Intercultural Relations Essay Example for Free

Interethnical Relations EssayQuestion There is no ask to contract intercultural relation. Discuss Communication occurs between individuals who have varying degree of intimacy at heart each other. Intercultural relations capability is the degree to which people in effect adapt his/her nonverbal and verbal messages to the appropriate cultural context (Kiss 2008). Intercultural relations can be taken place when individuals influenced by different cultural societies transposition shared meanings in confabulation.Yet, intercultural relations can be formed of different nationalities, different ethnic and even different religion, as well as conference among individuals of different sexual orientation. However, communicating and exchanging values within different culture of individuals is complex as communication process is apparently complicated involving cognitive process, cultural background, individuals linguistic capability and even biological process. Stienfatt and Roger 199 9, claims that one of the most illuminating aspects of intercultural communication is that it opens our minds to the interplay of varied influenced.The world these days is facing broad challenges of an increasingly diverse in cultures. Interaction and exchanging values between individuals from different cultures can lead to a whole host of benefits, for instance establishing good relationships within society and healthier communities. Yet, culture allows individuals to connect in small communities to larger communities through exchanged experiences and values (Lull 1995). Intercultural relations assist students step back from their distinctive point of view of seeing the world and demonstrates the influences that have constructed the ways of viewing this world.Cited in Stienfatt and Roger 1999, Gitlin 1995 indicated the concept of people thinking that human think within the cerebral and cultural currents that surround them. Back into the last decade, invasion colonialization and warfare brought individuals among countries with divergent cultures into face-to-face contact. An improvement of technologies in communication and rapidly evolving the transportation has changed the way individuals interact and communicate with each other in terms of intercultural relations and communication.However, people from different cultures are usually representative of divergent norms and psychological elements. The crusade explored that communication through various cultures occurred among individuals by human nature. Jerusalem is one of great examples cities in Middle East where people in different cultures and religions Muslims Christian and Jews backing together in relative peacefulness and harmoniousness. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Jerusalem indicated that communication effectiveness among divergent cultures and religions are not relying on the study of intercultural relations.Nevertheless, cited in Yinyan 2013, Y. Y. Kim (1988) argued that person who wishes t o accomplish an effective intercultural interaction in terms of intercultural relations must be equipped with skills and abilities to be capable and deal with kinetics of cultural diversity. Yet, cite in Sydney morning herald article, Munro (2009) had explored the experiences of an Australian diplomat who worked in Jakarta decided to resign from her workplace due to the harsh rules of international diplomacy.The purpose of this essay is demonstrated the necessity of intercultural relations for human be and discuss the terms of intercultural. People are socialized in their declare culture and also different in cultures are different norms. An effectiveness communication in intercultural relations can occur by human being in every generation as indicated in our predecessors in Crusades which is people should be culturally sensitive.

Paraphrasing the Poem entitled “My Last Dutchess” Essay Example for Free

Paraphrasing the Poem entitled My goal Dutchess EssayLook into the seawall so that you may see the last of my beloved woman with gleeWondering why upon looking at it comes alive for it is made intensively prohibited of love.Everyday the painter worked expansively as he watched my woman to a pause.Asking for the painter to take a look at my girl and perform a painting of her.On the painters face, I can see that he is mesmerized by her.I believe in the cogency of the painter a well known artist. In my eyes I picture you so differently and other would say,If it is her true beauty and I reply, it is.So other now always looks unto her face.Not only had I told the painter that made the woman blushed.I remember after she was painted, she made a tremendous look and say Thank you.It is her smile the smile that nurtures my being since then until now.But the vestige is her daughter my daughter.I need to start all oer again for it was the destiny of life.Recollecting the surrounding s as what the painter created in my womans background,Her beauty cast me away, like an Innsbruck in bronze for me.ReferenceBrowning, R. (1842). My Last Dutchess. Retrieved 26 March 2008. http//wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/680/696357/student_library/pdf/browning.pdf

Compensation Plan - University of Phoenix - HRM Essay Example for Free

Compensation Plan University of Phoenix HRM EssayA good remuneration excogitate must include both aspects, financial and nonfinancial of a rewarding formation where financial rewards, or a earnings system, assign a monetary nurse to from each one job in the organization (a base rate) and an orderly procedure for increasing the base rate (e.g., based on merit, inflation, or roughly confederacy of the two) (Cascio, 2005, p. 425). Also, a properly designed Pay for Performance (PFP) Program enables companies to reduce their cost of labor while increasing the average take home conduct of their custody (Jensen, 2009). On the other hand we overly volition offer nonfinancial systems that will c over indirect aspects such as benefits, professional and own(prenominal) development. We want to give our gross sales staff a reason to get out there and sell, sell, sell (Ward).Rewards bridge the gap between organizational objectives and man-to-man expectations and aspirations. To be effective, organizational reward systems should provide four things (1) a sufficient level of rewards to fulfill basic needs, (2) equity with the external labor market, (3) equity inwardly the organization, and (4) treatment of each member of the organization in terms of his or her individual needs (Cascio, 2005, p. 419).New compensation planPay systems are designed to attract, retain, and motivate employees (Cascio, 2005, p. 419)The sassy compensation plan will be based in a performance system. If business takes off, more pay goes to workers. If it doesnt, the company is not locked into high mulish costs of labor. 417 This system was chosen since meets the company strategy of growth and objectives and such variable-pay systems al around guarantee cost control. 417 (Cascio, 2005, p. 417) and a well planed recognition system adds to the compensation plan to offset a higher level of discouragement found in a competitive selling environment and also apprize be used to expres s gratitude, admiration, and to inspire to coarseer sales and greater sales initiative (FB Publications, 2005).Our new compensation plan will adopt a cabal of base salary plus commission and subsidy based on the overall performance. Perhaps the most important objective of any pay system is fairness or equity (Cascio, 2005, p. 419). To ensure the correctness of our plan, a committee has been createdto evaluate each employee performance, keep our compensation plan current and provide digest and training at any time needed.We are also taking in consideration that our payment plan should include a three-tier approach of agile recognition for a job well done, short-term rewards for performance over a month or quarter, and long-term rewards for being a loyal employee over the years (Schoeffler, 2005).-Salary a monthly salary will be based on the job description of each position and it has the possibility of be complimented and compound depending of the employee performance.-Commissi on a percentage of the profit will be used to increase the monthly employee compensation.-Bonus bonuses will be given based on the performance of the sales individual each three months. Percentages will be given according to the goals met, or exceeded, so sales reps will rely on their individual performance.- police squad incentives Team incentives provide an opportunity for each team member to receive a bonus based on the output of the team as a unit of measurement (Cascio, 2005, p. 443). deals personnel will have participation on this incentive to promote a teamwork environment. These events will happen at the end of the year.-On spot bonus This is going to be granted for exceptional behavior regarding to teamwork efforts, customer satisfaction or any attitude that can be used as an practice session to the other workers. We may reward the worker with a one-time bonus of $50, $100, or $500 shortly after the noteworthy actions (Cascio, 2005, p. 441).-Incentives When it comes to performance incentives, the possibilities are endless (Cascio, 2005, p. 436), and we plan to use nonfinancial reward system that will include anything an employee values and desires that anemployer is able and willing to offer in exchange for employee contri scarceions (Cascio, 2005, p. 418). Based on the answers compiled from the questionnaire we created, we will develop some entertaining activities such as trips, restaurants, theaters and any other approved selection visible(prenominal) in our committee that will be available each three months and also at the end of the year.In our committee we will also make available the following benefits that our employees can choose to embark on-Employee stock ownership plans As the company grows we will offer participation in the stocks of our company and a limited amount of them available to each employee for purchase. It helps to fulfill a philosophical belief in employee ownership 447.ESOPs do promote an increase in employee willingne ss to participate in company decisions. Companies that take payoff of that willingness can harness employees energy and creativity (Cascio, 2005, p. 447).-Recognition is a non financial reward and helps to enhance a workers sense of self-respect and esteem by others (Cascio, 2005, p. 418). These recognitions will be done in the yearly meetings where all employees are going to be together and have the opportunity to see their colleagues performance is rewarded. Recognition amongst their peers is still the quintessential motivator, whether theres an incentive program or not (Shearstone)Recent data indicates that people are more attached and committed to organizations that offer family-friendly policies, regardless of the extent to which they benefit personally from the policies (Cascio, 2005, p. 489), therefore our plan also cover other benefits that will be extend to all employees regardless merit or performance.Once you have great employees on board, how do you keep them from jum ping ship? One way is by offering a good benefits package. (Entrepreneur Media, Inc, n.d.)Tuition aidAuto amendsFitness and wellness programsCounseling ServiceChild adoptionChild care Social activitiesElder care Referral awardsCharter flights Family leavesFlexible work arrangementsWe also developed some benefits options that willintegrate salary and benefits into a package that will encourage the achievement of an organizations goals (Cascio, 2005, p. 470). They will be available to all employees and they can choose among them all.Life insuranceDisability insuranceHealthy insuranceOther medical coverageSick leavePension plansUnemployment insurance401KEvidence indicates that the perceived value of benefits rises when employers introduce choice through a flexible benefits package (Cascio, 2005, p. 466). For that reason we expect that this pay system will bring excitement to our workforce since the opportunities are vary.This pay system should also increase motivation of our employees and deepens commitment with our customer to bring success to both the individual and the company.Following are pointed some reason that we expect to succeed with this new plan.-The final compensation at the end of the month has the opportunity to be largely increased according to the employee performance, but yet, the base salary is high enough to give the employees some breathing in order to meet the essential financial obligations.-Commissions, bonuses and team incentives.-Variety of employee services and benefits.-Friendly and family environmentBefore our pay system is implemented training will be given to all employees to ensure understanding of it. A website will be available to answer most common questions and our committee will also be available for further explanation and training as needed.ReferencesCascio, W. F. (2005). Managing Human Resources (7th ed.). The McGrawHill Companies.Entrepreneur Media, Inc (n.d.). The Basics of Employee Benefits. Retrieved April 20, 2009, f rom http//www.entrepreneur.com/FB Publications (2005). Sale Incentive Ideas Motivating Your Sales Team. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http//www.associatedcontent.com/Jensen, M. L. (2009). 9 Key Aspects For Successful Pay For Performance Systems. EzineArticles.com. Retrieved from http//ezinearticles.com/Schoeffler, B. (2005). Employee Incentive Plans Make Them Worthwhile. Insurance Journal. Retrieved from http//www.insurancejournal.com/Shearstone, P. (). Creating Sales Incentive Programs That Work. About.com, 2. Retrieved from http//sbinfocanada.about.com/Ward, S. (). 6 confident(predicate) Ways to Increase Sales. About.com. Retrieved from http//sbinfocanada.about.com/

Contributions of Siddhartha Gautama to Buddhism

Contributions of Siddhartha Gautama to BuddhismIlinca StingaciuSiddhartha Gautama, later known as the Buddha, is considered the founder of Buddhist religion. Many buddhist beliefs and teachings ar based on the Buddhas discoveries and teachings. One of the most important ways in which the Siddhartha Gautama influenced Buddhism is by actually spreading the religion, and spreading this teachings to people, which drew in followers who go along to further spread buddhism (Alldritt, 2004, p. 25). After reaching prudence, Buddha found the answer to excruciation, which is also referred to as the dukkha in religious scripts. Based on his realizations, he founded the Four master rectitudes of suffering, an important concept in Buddhist teachings. The first of the lawfulnesss, known as the Truth of suffering, essentially states that everything in life leads to suffering. The second truth, that of where suffering comes from, explains the realization that suffering stems from selfishness a nd cravings. The third truth teaches of the cessation or elimination of suffering within 1s life, and to let go of all cravings or desires that cause suffering (Gethin, 1998, p. 59).The fourth truth teaches what to do be able to eliminate suffering, essentially teaching followers how to come about attaining nirvana (Gethin, 1998, p. 80). The eightfold path, a common concept and symbolic representation in Buddhism, was also established by the Buddha based on fourth of the Noble truths. This outlines eight concepts on how to live life, which guide a person to dismiss suffering, and find fulfillment (Gethin, 1998, p. 82). Meditation is a key practice within Buddhist religion, one that like many, can be traced back the the Buddha. He taught followers how to meditate in order to separate themselves from their personal thoughts and emotions (Hope avant-garde Loon, 1999, p. 38). He encouraged ideology that enlightenment and meditation is personal, so each person mustiness find their way to enlightenment on their own (Ross, 1980, p. 4).Born into royalty, Siddhartha Gautama was raised in a life of luxury, sheltered from the realities of disquiet and suffering (Ross, p. 5). After one day going against his Fathers orders to stay within the palace walls, Siddhartha was given a tour of the city, where he learned of the three sufferings (Ross, 1980, p. 6). Outside, the prince saw the realities of illness, aging, and death. Siddhartha was sc bed of the fate of pain and death which awaited everyone, and no longer saw a purpose in anything after (Hope Van Loon, 1999, p. 13). He found no more tax in wealth he had and in the pleasures of life, as he realized that it would all go to waste in the inevitability of suffering and death (Gethin, 1998, p.15). Siddartha cherished to find out how to find happiness, regardless of inevitable suffering (Ross, 1980, p. 6). He isolated himself from everyone, and sat under the Bodhi tree, until he fully understood suffering (Hope V an Loon, p. 19). Further inspiration came after Buddhas enlightenment. After discovering the true meaning of suffering, and how to accept it within ones life, he made it his mission to help others find this awakening, and understand the truth about suffering (Gethin, 1998, p.15). Although Buddha had attained Nirvana, he chose to stay on earth to teach others how to reach enlightenment just as he had. He believed everyone should befuddle equal right be followers and learn the teachings of their religion (Ross, 1980, p. 5). This was his inspiration to spread Buddhist teachings, or else than to keep his awakening to himself (Ross, 1980, pg. 18). He drew in followers who continued to further spread Buddhism (Alldritt, 2004, p. 25), and encouraged followers to question everything he said in order to find a path to enlightenment on their own, in lieu of only following his word (Hope Van Loon, 1999, p. 7). He did not want to be seen as their religious leader, but rather as a teacher on how to reach enlightenment (Ross, 1980, p. 4). All created things perish, he who knows and sees this becomes passive in pain this is the way to purity. (The Dhammapada, verse 277). Through this retell are reflected many core buddhist teachings, as many teaching surround the liking of transience, from one life to the next. It exemplifies how in order to reach enlightenment, and to be free of pain and suffering, one must realize what suffering truly is, and why it is present within all life. Buddha saw that suffering stemmed from voracity and desire. This belief was outlined through the second of the Four Noble truths, realizing where suffering comes from. He believed that in order to end suffering, one must give up materialistic and selfish desires The quote can be translated back into the ideology of the Four Noble truths, as these truths outline the meaning of suffering within ones life, truths that must be realized in order to find enlightenment (Gethin, 1998, p. 59). The quote alludes to the need for this clarity and knowledge of suffering to achieve enlightenment. One of the many teachings of the Buddha are the three Marks of Existence. The first is dukkha, which is suffering. The second is the teaching of impermanence known as anitya, stating that nothing lasts, as everything is a transition into something else. The third, anatman teaches to be selfless, in the disposition that a person does not live forever, so nothing considered to be part of ones personality will live on. Analyzing these teachings, they can be related to the idea set out in the quote, that of continuity and the inevitability of dukkha, or suffering. Out of these, the anitya, the second teaching, provides the clearest link to the meaning of the quote. Anitya teaches that nothing lasts forever, just as the quote states that everything ends and this must be realized, which are in part done by understanding the Three Marks (Alldritt, 2004, p. 24).References Alldritt, L. (2004, October) . Buddhism. Retrieved from ebooks.infobaselearning.com/View.asp x?ISBN=9781438106380InstID=7469The Dhammapada, (n.d.). Full books. Retrieved from www.fullbooks.com/The-Dhammapada. htmlGethin, R. (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.com/logi n.aspx?direct=truedb=nlebkAN=12334site=ehost-liveebv=EBppid=pp_59Hope, J. Van Loon, B. (1999). Introducing Buddha. Cambridge, UK video Books.Ross, N. (1980). Buddhism A Way of Life and Thought. LocationVintage Books.

Research Design Location And Research Time Psychology Essay

Research Design Location And Research Time psychology EssayThis chapter go out present the methodological approach and inviteion technique utilise in this thesis along with how the information will be self-collected to find the repartee or solutions of the research movements and problems, such as research design, theoretical perspective, data collection method, data summary method as wellspring as the validity and dependableness of the data.Research Design, Location, and Research TimeThis research was planned and designed to obtain answer to research questions. Research design is the manikin or plan for study, apply as a single guide to collect and analyze the data. It is the blueprint that is followed to complete a study.According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 24), a research method or approach/design gives details on the closely suitable methods of investigating the nature of the research, instruments, the sampling plan and the type of data to be used. Furthermor e, Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 24) also report that a research method or design forms the frame race of the entire research ferment. at that placefore, if it is a good method or design, it will thus ensure that the information obtained is important to the researchers problem and those objectives and economic procedures in collecting it argon all within limits. It simply is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth. In pursuit of this undiscovered truth, a researcher needs facts, published documents from particular sources and secondary sources.This research was utilize a cross secti unmatchedd study which the data ar gathered just once (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 119).Research location was do at six locations Central capital of Indonesia, North Jakarta, South Jakarta, due west Jakarta, East Jakarta and Tangerang city to household nodes of PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara between March to July 2012, with the distribution of questionnaires within June 2012.Research FrameworkThe r esearch framework of this thesis is shown in inning 3.1 to a lower place. The first research step is to define the research problem, followed by research objective. The third step is a literature review, followed by data collection, data digest, scheme test, and finally generate conclusion and recommendation.Source AuthorFigure 3. Research FrameworkResearch Questions and HypothesesIn this study, researcher would like to answer the questions and analyze the hypotheses belowRQ1 How do cultural genes, social factors, personal factors, psychological factors, and PLN services influence customer decision in victimisation electricity at elevation preventative hours?H1 From those factors, all factors be positively influence customer decision in utilize electricity at peak load hours.RQ2 How is the correlation between the decisions in using electricity during peak load hours with the household customers behavior towards manner of lectureing electricity?H2 There is a correlation between the decisions in using electricity during peak load hours with the household customers behavior towards miserliness electricity.RQ3 How do pro-social intensions, motivations, access to information, and knowledge influence customer behavior in salvage electricity?H3 From those factors, all factors ar significantly influence customer behavior in saving electricity.RQ4 How is the correlation between customer awareness of consequences, aspiration of responsibility, personal norms towards their pro-social intensions in saving electricity?H4 There is STRONG correlation between customer awareness of consequences, aspiration of responsibility, personal norms towards their pro-social intensions in saving electricity?RQ5 What interventions or instruments are most likely to affect households saving electricity behavior?H5 The intervention or instrument most likely to affect households saving electricity behavior is by increasing their motivation, knowledge, and access to informatio n roughly saving electricity programs.RQ6 From the compartmentalisation of household segments, which class is the most involved in saving electricity?H6 From the classification of household segments, class R12.200VA is the most involved in saving electricity.Conceptual FrameworkSource Author (Adapted from Kotler, 1999, and deGroot Steg, 2009)Figure 3. Conceptual FrameworkResearch selective informationType and Source of DataThere are two types of data that researches collected depending on the purpose. The data of research consists of both primary and secondary data. The primary data are the first-hand information acquired by the researcher on the inconstants under study while the secondary data refer to information gathered from sources that already exist which may come from archives or organizational files (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 180).This research was used both primary and secondary data. The primary data sources were obtained through the look method by distributing socia l organisationd questionnaires to household customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya and Tangerang Distribution.The secondary data were obtained from the company internal data such as figures in customer-base segmentation, and existing data in books, journals, publications, reports, and websites.Data Collection MethodThe data collection for primary and secondary data is done through the following methodsLiterature Review.According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 38), a literature review is a step-by-step process that involves the identification of published and unpublished work from secondary data sources on the topic of interest, the evaluation of this work in relation to the problem.In this research, the literature review is done by search and study books, reports, journals, research reports, internet website related to electricity business and customer behavior. The information related to the company is obtained through the companys website and published reports.Questionnaire.Sekaran an d Bougie (2009, p. 197) define questionnaire is a pre- conjecture recorded series of questions to which the respondents giving their answers usually within rather closely delineate alternatives. For this research, the questionnaire is formulated and distributed to the respondents in two methods. First method used is by distributing the questionnaire to respondents through email. The second method is the direct questionnaire to respondents, by asking them to give their answer on the questionnaire paper provided.Questionnaire DesignQuestionnaires are efficient data collection method when the researcher knows the information to gather and how to determine the variables of interest (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 197). Questionnaire survey is formulated to answer the research questions. It is a tool that may be conveniently distributed personally or electronically to respondent.According to Burns and Bush (2006, p. 300), there are six key functions of a questionnaireTo translate the researc h objectives into specific questions.To standardize the questions and the response categories to let every participant responds to same stimuli.To reinforce cooperation and motivates respondents to respond.To serve as permanent records of the research.To speed up the process of data analysis, depending on the type of questionnaire used by the researcher.To contain the data which may be addressed for reliability and validity.The first part consists of the demographic attributes questions such as gender, age, education, occupation, annual income, and the second part consists of questions analyzing customer behavior in terms of cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors that base on Griffin and Eberts put (2006, p. 283).Part two in the questionnaires use Likerts scale which enables the respondents to give level of the attributes stated in the questions.A Likerts scale was used in the research, in which respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagre ement on a systematic agree-disagree scale for all(prenominal) of a series of questions (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 281). Each question in the questionnaire on this part is ranged from 1 to 5, where 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neutral or Not Applicable 4 = Agree 5 = Strong Agree.The questionnaire format for this research is shown in Figure 3.3 below.Source AuthorFigure 3. Questionnaire Design for This ResearchTable 3.1 shows the distribution of items in order to measure the variables in the questionnaires.Table 3. Variable, Scale of Data and category of QuestionsPart 1 Respondent ProfileNo.VariablesScale of DataCategory of Questions1.Gender titularMaleFemale2.AgeInterval20-30 years old30-40 years old40-50 years old50-60 years old 60 years old3.OccupationNominalGovernment employeePrivate company employeeSelf-employedProfessionalsRetiredOthers4.Number of Family MembersIntervalSmall 4 membersMedium 5-6 membersBig 7 members5.Educational backgroundOrdinalBasic / Junior High SchoolSenior High SchoolCollege stagecoachBachelor DegreeMaster DegreePhD6.Income per monthRatio 2 million rupiahs2 to 5 million rupiahs5 to 10 million rupiahs 10 million rupiahs7.Classification electricityNominal900 VA1.300 VA2.200 VA8.DomicileAreaCentral JakartaWest JakartaEast JakartaSouth JakartaNorth JakartaTangerang CityPart 2 Exploratory Questions (Data are in Likert scale)Customer Decision in using electricity at peak load hoursNo.VariablesCategory of QuestionsA.Cultural Factorson a regular basis using electricity at peak load hours (between 17.00 to 20.00).Household activities were dominated by using electrical equipment.Regularly using electrical equipment in twenty-four hours time.B.Social FactorsThe contentedness of installed electricity is in consent with the requirement.Able to pay if electricity tariff is go up.Electricity tariffs are still cheap.Its normal to subject electricity subsidized and to increase tariffs when oil prices are up.C.Personal FactorsAble to pay electricity and can afford the electricity bills.It is necessary to increase capacity because the need of electricity will increase.Electricity bills are relatively small compare to the total expenditure.D.Psychological FactorWhen using electricity at peak time, we will pay more expensive.Feeling guilty when using electricity at peak time.Feeling happy if every rooms are bright.E.PLN workPower failure was rarely, so it is convenient to use it, especially at peak time.Recording of electricity is on time and the bill is in accordance with the use.Since electricity is stable, we are not worry to use it at peak time.Part 2 Exploratory Questions (Data are in Likert scale)Customer behavior towards saving electricityNo.VariablesCategory of QuestionsA.Access to InformationGet information about saving electricity from friends, family, neighbor, PLN, or community leaders.Get information about saving electricity from television, radio, magazine/newspaper, and internet.Often receiving inf ormation about saving electricity.B.KnowledgeKnows electricity-saving equipment.Electrical equipment will be more efficient when turned cancelled than in standby.Using electrical equipment at its maximum capacity will take more energy.C.MotivationBeing motivated to prioritize electricity saving behavior.Being motivated to respect environment.D.Pro-social IntensionsThere are negative consequences of any actions that do not respect the environment.Feel responsible for environmental damage.Having a good obligation towards energy efficiency and environmental protection.Questionnaire FormatIn this research, the questionnaires were prepared in printed and online formats using Indonesian language, because some of the respondents were not able to read and speak in English language.During the pre-test stage, the questionnaire was distributed only through email to 30 respondents to find out the validity and reliability of the data or questions in the questionnaires.At the post-test stage, t he rewrite questionnaire was printed and distributed door to door. Due to time limitation, researcher employed a strategy by setting up a team consist of 6 (six) members to gratify the respondents in 6 (six) different locations (domiciles).The revised questionnaire was also distributed by email. By using email, it was very convenient in terms of shortening the time fatigued to send the questionnaire and receiving the responses from the respondents. However, there were difficulties because the respondents were depended on a computer and internet service.Survey Sampling MethodAccording to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, pp. 262-263), a prototype is a subset of the population. It comprises some members selected from it. A sample is thus a subgroup of the population, which take ons the whole group of people, actions, or things of interest that the researcher wants to investigate.According to Burns and Bush (2006, pp. 372-374), the size of the sample affect the sample accuracy of results , thus sample accuracy refers to how close a random samples statistic is to the populations value it represents. The most correct method of determining sample size is cartel interval approach.In order to calculate the proper sample size of the survey, Burns and Bush (2006, p. 366) said, there are three items requiredAmount of variability of populationDesired accuracy, andRequired confidence level.Sampling MethodologyIn this research, the population is the total number of customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya and Tangerang Distribution from the Household segment, which according to the statistics are 3.330.815 number of customers.For this amount of population, the sample size may be calculated using the formula recommended by Burns and Bush (2006, p. 372)Where n = the sample sizez = standard demerit associated with the chosen level of confidence (1.96)p = estimated percentage in the populationq = 100- pe = acceptable sample errorSample population sample size = population sample size x In this research, researcher chose to use a probability of 90% with a 95% level of significance equivalent to a z value of 1.96 and sample error 4%.The sampling calculation was determined by using a software application, PHStat2. PHStat2 is a Windows-based software that assists students and professionals in learning the statistic concepts while using Microsoft Excel.Table 3. Sampling surface DeterminationDataEstimate of admittedly Proportion0.9Sampling Error0.04Confidence Level95%Intermediate CalculationsZ Value-1.95996398Calculated Sample Size216.0820587ResultSample Size Needed217Finite PopulationsPopulation Size3.330.815Calculated Sample Size216.0681064Sample Size Needed217Source Data on File base on the calculation in Table 3.2, the minimum number of sample size needed is 217 samples however in this research the number of samples is added to an other(a) 10 percent in order to produce greater accuracy. Therefore, this research will be used 240 samples.This research will use a c ross sectional-study in which the data are gathered at once in order to answer the research questions (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 119).Sample Withdrawal TechniquesThe populations in this research were household customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya Tangerang Distribution. Sampling technique was done by using stratified random sampling, involves a process of stratification or segregation, followed by random selection of subjects from each stratum. The population is divided into stratum, and then sampling conducted in each stratum (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 272).In this research, customers who become household population were stratified based on electrical power and is divided into three groups, namely 900VA, 1.300VA and 2.200VA. It is based on the Regulation of the President of Republic Indonesia No. 8, 2011, p. 9 (see Appendix A2).The sample selection techniques are described in Figure 3.4.Source AuthorFigure 3. Sample Withdrawal TechniquesData AnalysisAfter data are obtained through qu estionnaires, the neighboring step is to analyze them to test the research hypothesis. To ensure that the data obtained are reasonably good and ready for use for statistical analysis, Sekaran and Bougie (2009, pp. 306-330) recommend followingsGetting the data to be ready for analysisCoding and data entryCoding the responsesData entryEditing dataData transformationGetting a feel for the dataRelationship between variablesCorrelationsTesting honesty of datareliablenessValidityTesting the hypothesisHypothesis testing and data analysis will be conducted using appropriate statistical method and based on sample data associated with software such as PHStat2, SPSS variate 20, and AMOS version 20.Descriptive AnalysisDescriptive analysis such as the mean, mode, standard deviation, and range are used by researcher to describe the sample data matrix in such a way as to portray the typical respondent and to reveal the general pattern of responses. Descriptive measures are regarded as the steps undertaken by the researcher earlier in the process of analysis and become foundations for subsequent or more complex analysis (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 424).Descriptive statistics were used to portray the main characteristics of a collection of data in quantitative terms and distinguished from inductive statistics in that they intend to quantitatively review a data set, instead of being used to support reports regarding the population that the data are supposed to represent. Even when a data analysis obtains its major conclusions using inductive statistical analysis, the descriptive statistics are usually presented alongside the formal analyses to show the audience an overall perception of how data being examined.Validity and Reliability TestA good quality measurement instrument is needed in order to obtain precise data of this research. The ideal instrument has to be reliable and valid. The researcher must address both validity and reliability of the measures in assessing the degree of measurement error present in any measures. any(prenominal) measure designed or adapted for use in any research should both be reliable and valid. A reliable measure is one in which a respondent acts in response to the same or a very similar manner to an identical or nearly identical question (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 290). The reliability of a measure is a test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever concept it is measuring.In testing the reliability of the questionnaire, the test-retest reliability test was used which measures the correlation between the same respondents obtained at the two different times (Sekaran, 2010, p. 162).To achieve reliability of a measure, the researcher was using SPSS software with Cronbachs Alpha as the measurement. Cronbachs Alpha is a reliability coefficient that determines how well specific items of the measurement tools are positively correlated to one another. Cronbachs Alpha is computed using the average intercorrelations amo ng the items measuring the concepts. If Cronbachs Alpha is greater than 0.70, it means that the data are more consistent and reliable. The closer the alpha value to 1 indicates the data are most consistent and reliable. A high quality reliable instrument can be used as a guide to draw a conclusion and making decisions (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, pp. 324-325).Validity is a test of how fine a developed instrument to measure the particular concept it is planned to measure. In the other words, validity is related to measurement with the right concept and reliability with stability and consistency of measurement (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, pp. 158-160).Correlation AnalysisCorrelation analysis is an analysis done to trace the mutual influence of variables on one another. A correlation coefficient that indicates the strength and direction of the kindred can be computed by applying a formula. There could be a perfect positive correlation between two variables, which is represented by 1.0 (plus 1), or a perfect negative correlation which would be -1.0 (minus 1) (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 322).The formula to calculate the coefficient of correlation isSource Burns Bush, 2005Wherer = coefficient correlation n = samplesxi = variable X x = mean Xyi = variable Y y = mean YTable 3.3 presents the rules of thumb in interpreting the correlation coefficient values.Table 3. Rules of thumb of degree of correlationCoefficient Range efficacy of Association0.81 to 1.00Strong0.61 to 0.80Moderate0.41 to 0.60Weak0.21 to 0.40Very Weak0.01 to 0.20NoneSource Burns Bush, 2005Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)Structural comparability casting (SEM) is a statistical approach for testing and estimating causal relationship using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions. Typically, this theory represents causal processes that produce examinations on multiple variables.The term morphologic equation modeling expresses two important features of the procedurecausal processes, represented by a sequences of structural (i.e. regression) equations, andthese structural relationships can be displayed pictorially to allow a clearer conceptualization of the theory.Then, the hypothesized model can be examined statistically in a simultaneous analysis of the entire variables to conclude the degree of its consistency to the data. If goodness-of- cope with is adequate, the model argues for the credibility of hypothesized relations among variables. If it is inadequate, the reasonability of those relations is rejected (Byrne, 2010, p. 3).Statistical models provide an efficient and convenient way of describing the latent structure underlying a set of discover variables. Expressed either diagrammatically or mathematically via a set of equations, such models explain how the observed and latent variables are related to one another.Typically, a researcher postulates a statistical model based on his or her knowledge of the related theory, on empirical research in the area of study, or on some combination of both. Once the model is specified, the researcher then tests its plausibility based on sample data that comprise all observed variables in the model. The primary task in this model-testing procedure is to determine the goodness-of-fit between the hypothesized model and the sample data. As such, the researcher imposes the structure of the hypothesized model of the sample data, and then tests how well the observed data fit this restricted structure. Because it is highly unlikely that a perfect fit will exist between the observed data and the hypothesized model, there will necessarily be a differential between the two this differential is termed the residual.The model-fitting process can therefore be summarized as followsData = Model + ResidualWhereData represent score measurements related to the observed variables as derived from persons comprising the sample.Model represents the hypothesized structure linking the observed variables to the latent va riables and, in some models, linking particular latent variables to one another.Residual represents the discrepancy between the hypothesized model and the observed data (Byrne, 2010, p. 7).Structural equation models are schematically portrayed using particular configurations of four geometric symbolsa circle (or ellipse),a square (or rectangle),a single-headed arrow, anda double-headed arrow.By convention, circles (or ellipses ) represent unobserved latent factors, squares (or rectangles ) represent observed variables, single-headed arrows () represent the impact of one variable on another, and double-headed arrows () represent covariance or correlations between pairs of variables (Byrne, 2010, p. 9).In building a model of a particular structure in this research, the researcher uses these symbols within the framework of four basic configurations, each of which represents an important component in the uninflected process.These configurations, each accompanied by a brief description, are as follows itinerary coefficient for regression of an observed variable onto an unobserved latent variable (or factor)Path coefficient for regression of one factor onto another factorMeasurement error associated with an observed variableResidual error in the prediction of an unobserved factorThe Path DiagramSchematic representations of models are termed path diagrams because they provide a visual portrayal of relations which are assumed to hold among the variables under study. Essentially, a path diagram depicting a particular SEM model is actually the graphical equivalent of its mathematical representation whereby a set of equations relates dependent variables to their explanatory variables (Byrne, 2010, p. 10).Using path diagram as a structural equation modeling tool, the pattern of causal relationship can be detected. Causal relationship describes interrelations among a set of latent (unobserved) variables and a set of observed variables.Path diagram is a relationship struct ure between the exogenous and endogenous variables. The free (X) variables are called exogenous variables. The dependent (Y) variables are called endogenous variables.Model MeasurementAccording to Hair et.al (2010) measurement model validity depends on establishing acceptable levels of goodness of fit (GOF) for the measurement which indicates how well specify model reproduces the observed covariance matrices, smaller the difference between covariance matrices estimate with the observe covariance matrices, more fit the model. (Hair et. al, 2010, p.639).The GOF value contains some(prenominal) parameters to be considered by the researcher as stated by Hair et.al (2010, p.640-650), this thesis confirm the overall model fit the parameter will used the followingChi-square (CMIN) or minimum discrepancy (), it is to test whether there is the different covariance matrices estimate within the covariance matrices observe, smaller () shown the different of both not significant and the model m ore fit.df (degree of freedom), more positive (=0) of the df which shown with minimum was achieved the process of the estimate could be done.CMIN/DF.CMIN represents the minimum value of the discrepancy while DF is the degree of freedom. According to Wijaya (2009, p. 45), the model could be accepted if the CMIN/DF is 2.00.RMR (root mean square residual), this is called badness of fit whether the value is less than 0.1 than it is better because deference between sample and the estimate is smaller (Hair et.al 2010, p.642)GFI and AGFI (Goodness fit tycoon and Adjusted Goodness fit index), GFI and AGFI value between 0 to 1, more closed to 1 more fit the model (Hair et.al 2010, p.643)

Vocal Sounds That Mean the Same in Every Language

Vocal Sounds That Mean the Same in Every Language atomic number 18 there plainspoken sounds that mean the same whatsoever your language? Discuss, with examples.The aim of vocal sounds, sounds which are produced via the human vocal tract, which convey the same message some(prenominal) your language will as a result be sounds that are univers every(prenominal)y recognised, both in terms of the sound macrocosm identified and with determine to the message the sound carries. Considering the lack of cultural exposure between received language groups (Saul, 2014), vocal sounds with cross-linguistic importations slur towards evolutionary adaptations which by their very temperament are inherently universal. The following essay shall show that there are vocal sounds that mean the same any(prenominal) your language, it shall do this both by discussing studies that give evidence for vocal sounds with cross-linguistic meaning, as well as explaining these vocal sounds in an evolutionar y context thereby affirming them as sounds which postulate got universal meanings no matter what the recipients native language is.Evidence of gag in our evolutionary relatives much(prenominal) as chimps, (Falk, 2004) and regular more distant mammalian relatives such(prenominal) as dogs and rats (Panksepp, 2007) clearly points towards its status as an evolutionary adaption one which would be universal and therefore be considered a vocal sound which means the same whatever ones language. Further studies indicate that laughter in both humans and non-human order Primates involve similar neural structures, such as parts of the limbic form (Meyer, Baumann, Wildgruber, Alter, 2007 Scott, Lavan, Chen, Mcgettigan, 2014) and mechanisms involved in endorphin activation linked to positive inciteive states (Scott et al., 2014). Its status as a universal evolutionary inherited trait is promote substantiate by its presence in congenitally blind and deaf infants (Meyer, 2007) who are qu ite clearly born without the ability to hear or oppositewise perceive laughter and therefore who have not learnt to laugh via socialisation. Clearly laughters presence in non-human primates involving similar cortical structures and neural mechanisms, in do-gooder to it being observed in the congenitally blind and deaf, pointing towards its presence as a biologic evolutionary adaption one which would quite clearly be universal and therefore is an example of a vocal sound which conveys meaning whatever ones language is.The context laughter takes place in further points to it being an evolutionary adaption laughter is in itself innately social, we are around 30 times more likely to laugh in a social situation than when alone (Scott et al., 2014), this is mirrored in non-human primates where it frequently takes place in social situations appearing to facilitate bonding and social cohesion (Ross, Owren, Zimmermann, 2009). Whilst non-human primate laughter typically occurs during phy sical contact (Provine, 1996), it is contextually comparable with human laughter due to this occurrence in social situations. It is this comparing both in terms of context and the underlying neural mechanisms which point towards a universal evolutionary adaption, one that continues to facilitate social bonding. thusly similarities between human and non-human primate laughter point towards a level of biological inheritance, one which considered in an evolutionary context moldiness be shared by all despite differences in terms of language use, meaning that laughter buttocks clearly be seen as a vocal sound which means the same whatever ones language.However, laughter is not the only affective stimuli shown to carry meaning cross-linguistically. It is widely established that cross-cultural recognition of emotions exists (Sauter, Eisner, Ekman, Scott, 2010), although this point is firmly embedded in the literature (Ekman, 1992) it fails to provide evidence for vocalisations that carr y cross-linguistic meaning considering the environmental and visual contexts in which they are typically conveyed (Elfenbein Ambady, 2002). Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) performed a meta-analysis on the catholicity of emotional recognition on 97 studies on 42 evident regions, finding that whilst there was an in-group advantage for members of the same nation, region and/or language, emotions were universally recognized at above chance levels. Although their meta-analysis looked at studies using a crease of channels to convey emotions, this above chance level remained when considering studies that focussed on vocal stimuli alone (Elfenbein Ambady, 2002). Elfenbein and Ambadys meta-analysis (2002) provides evidence that there are vocalisations that mean the same whatever your language, by statistically analysing a innovation of studies and showing patterns of correlation between them the argument carries greater weight than considering one or two studies in isolation. Furthermore, it suggests that certain emotions are universally recognised and most likely that this is due to biological mechanisms (when one considers the lack of cultural exposure some groups have had with one another). Of route the presence of universal cognitive mechanisms which decode aspects of emotional vocalisations also mean that there are vocal sounds which mean the same whatever your language, as the emotions have been recognised from purely vocal stimuli and the meta-analysis backup mans the notion that this recognition is universal and therefore not dependent upon specific languages.However removing multiple channels of communication such as facial expression and body language isnt sufficient when one considers the linguistic context in which emotional vocalisations are usually realised (Pell et al., 2009) even to non-speakers a foreign language may convey linguistic features that somehow alter the meaning of vocal cues. In order to circumvented these potentially be personal effe cts speakers must express emotions through pseudo-utterances which mimic the morphosyntactic and phonotactic properties of the language presented (Scherer, Banse, Wallbott, 2001). It therefore seems sensible to suggest that the recognition of emotions cross-culturally through the presentation of pseudo-utterances, presented independently from other potential cues (such as facial expression and body language) will provide substantial evidence for there being vocal sounds that mean the same whatever your language after-all all other confounding factors will have been removed other than the vocal sound itself.A number of studies using pseudo-utterances presented with purely vocal stimuli suggest that emotions can be recognised across languages by non-native speakers (Pell Skorup, 2008 Pell et al,. 2009a Pell, Paulmann, Dara, Alasseri, Kotz, 2009b Sauter et al., 2010). Although studies report a small in-group advantage when participants listen to pseudo-utterances based upon their n ative language (Pell et al., 2009b), similar results between non-native listeners suggests the presence of cross-linguistic vocal sounds with identical meanings, (Pell Skorup, 2008 Sauter et al., 2010). This argument is further strengthened when considering studies involving participants from groups with little to no cultural exposure to each other, such as Sauters (2010) study with the Himba muckle of northern Namibia. Here the correct identification of emotions from purely vocal pseudo-utterances lends weight to the argument of cognitive mechanisms derived from universal evolutionary adaptations, capable of decoding meaning from vocal utterances. Clearly with no cultural exposure (which may have enabled the learning of emotional expression in another culture) and with the correct identification away from other potential cues (such as a linguistic framework and body-language), it seems extravagantlyly probable that the identification of emotions cross-culturally is in part due t o universal evolutionary adaptations, which in spring up enable the existence of vocal sounds that mean the same whatever your language.cross-cultural data clearly provides evidence for vocal emotional expressions which exhibit core acoustical perceptual features that promote accurate recognition across languages (Pell Skorup, 2008). The use of pseudo-utterances removes linguistic structure and language itself as confounding variables, meaning that emotions successfully conveyed and recognised must be done so through associated changes in metrics, such as changes in timing, pitch, volume and the rate of speech (Frick, 1985 Scherer, 1986). Furthermore, it appears that the expression of these discrete emotions corresponds with distinct prosody patterns (Pell, 2001), for example vocal expressions of sadness tend to be conveyed with a lower pitch and at a slower speaking rate in comparison to other emotional vocalisations (Pell et al., 2009b). It should also be noted that as well as being the most distinct from other emotional vocalisations (in terms of its prosodic elements), sadness is also frequently cited as being one of the most accurately identified from vocal stimuli (Pell et al., 2009a, 2009b). This increase in recognition along with its high distinctiveness in terms of modulation patterns provides further evidence for accurate recognition as being due to prosodic elements, clearly the correlation lends support to the aforementioned theory that emotional vocalisations are recognised due to the recognition of distinct prosodic patterns. This line of thought is further back up when one considers that emotions with less(prenominal) distinct prosodic patterns have been associated with lower rates of recognition for example surprise and joy have been shown to possess similar prosodic elements (Pell et al., 2009b) and in human action have been reported at low accuracy rates, with surprise frequently being incorrectly categorised as joy (Pell et al., 2009a, 2009b). The presence of distinct prosodic elements in the vocalisation of emotions further explains our premise that there are distinct vocal sounds which mean the same whatever your language this point is further supported by the correlation between the distinctiveness of a vocal expressions prosodic elements and higher levels of accurate recognition.Prosody has also been studied outside of emotional vocalisation, pointing to further universal cross-linguistic meanings such as dominance and submission, confidence and the signalling of a statement or question to the listener. Ohala (1984, 1996) claims that we associate fundamental frequency (f0) with sexual dimorphism, size of it and as a result dominance with males lower and larger larynxs leading to a lower f0 and more confident vocalisations (Hurford, 2014, p.77-80). Similarities can be drawn from avian and other mammalian vocalisations with regards to f0, with low f0 vocalisations frequently made by individuals with greater do minance (Morton, 1977). In turn Ohalas (1984, 1996) claim is supported by a variety of evidence which shows low f0 voices to be interpreted as more masculine (Culver, as cited in Gussenhoven 2002 Junger et al., 2013) as well as being associated with dominant attributes such as confidence and leadership (Klofstad, Anderson, Peters, 2012). Whilst these studies predominantly focus on vocalisations from a Western language base (such as English and Dutch), the comparison across species as well as the universal presence of larger, lower based larynxs in human males (Hurford, 2014, p.77-80) suggests a universal evolutionary adaption, in which differences in the larynxs size and locating have evolved due to the selective advantage they provide as a result of the meanings low f0 vocalisations confer with regards to dominance, size and aggression. Studies comparing these affective versions across a broader range of languages would add further to Ohalas conclusion (1984, 1996) however, it s eems improbable that other language bases would offer different interpretations when considering the effect of low f0 vocalisations in our evolutionary ancestors, in addition to explanations concerning universal sexual differences of larynx size and location.The affective interpretations of f0 have been taken further from signals of dominance to signalling the distinctions between questions and statements (Ohala, 1984 Gussenhoven 2002). This seems a logical step when considering the nature of questions being relatively uncertain in meaning, whilst it seems probable that statements will need to confer more certainty in order to convey a more significant status. This is confirmed by cross-linguistic studies showing that higher f0 towards the end of vocalisations are frequently perceived as questions (Hadding-Koch Studdert-Kennedy, 1964 Gussenhoven Chen, 2000). Ohala (1994) claims that this pattern is too wide spread to be explained by a common linguistic source, suggesting its exis tence due to universal evolutionary adaptations. Gussenhoven and Chens (2000) study should be highlighted for its use of three languages (Hungarian, Dutch and Chinese) quite distinct from each other both in terms of structure and due to their status as belonging to distinct separate language families the fact that this interpretation of f0 is present in these three languages which have evolved separately removes the suggestion that its presence is tied to linguistic structure rather than universal evolutionary instilled cognitive mechanisms. Therefore cross-linguistic evidence suggests that a rise in f0 towards the end of a vocalisation signals a question whatever ones language, again providing evidence for cross-linguistic meaning in vocal sounds.To conclude, cross-linguistic studies support the claim that there are vocal sounds which mean the same whatever your language. Studies using pseudo-utterances remove the possibility of confounding variables such as linguistic structure or visual stimuli, showing that vocal sounds can carry information on affective states understood by the recipient whether or not they share a common language. Further cross-linguistic studies highlight the effect of prosody on meaning both in the deliverance of emotional vocal sounds as well as in a broader context sounds which yet again have been shown to carry meaning across languages. Comparative research provides additional evidence for vocal sounds that carry meaning across languages, such as laughter in addition to displays of confidence and dominance. However, it body important to consider these vocal sounds in an evolutionary context vocal sounds with universal meanings must be understood as being due to biologically inherited adaptations when one considers the lack of exposure many language groups have had with one another.ReferencesEkman,P. (1992). Are there basic emotions? Psychological Review, 99(3), 550-553. inside10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.550Elfenbein,H.A., Ambady,N. (20 02). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 203-235. doi10.1037//0033-2909.128.2.203Falk,D. (2004). Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins Whence motherese? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 491541. doi10.1017/S0140525X04000111Frick,R.W. (1985). communication emotion The role of prosodic features. 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Emotion inferences from vocal expression correlate across languages and cultures. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 32(1), 76-92. doi10.1177/0022022101032001009Scott,S.K., Lavan,N., Chen,S., Mcgettigan,C. (2014). The social life of laughter. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(12), 618-620. doi10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.002